m	[m] (make)	mo	b	[b] (ball)	be	[	[ai] (bye, eye)	aee-ah	g	[g] (gall)	ghar
a	[ah] (garden, bath)	ah	y	[y] (yes, yarn)	ye	l	[l] (lost)	leh	i	[i] (rib,sip)	in
n	[n] (not)	ne	t	[t] (tap)	tah	s	[s] (sap)	sah	c	[ch] (chair)	chah
d	[d] (dad)	da	x	[sh] (shake)	sheh	]	[oo/uu] (soup, book)	oon	w	[w] (wise)	wen
o	[oh] (orange, open)	ohn	e	[e] (step, men)	en	v	[v] (very)	voh	\	[oy] (toy, boy)	oyv
r	[r] (run)	ra	&	[ee] (flee, see)	een	p	[p] (pan)	peh	f	[f/v] (funk)	fhar
q	[ay/ey] (day, grey)	ay	j	[j] (just, jar)	jah	u	[a] (pun, under)	uhn	;	[uy] (buoy, chewy)	uyn
h	[h] (hust)	hah	k	[c/k] (curse, kill)	kah	z	[z] (zap)	zhar	'	glottal stop	beyten

Pronouns are not divided by gender. Most pronouns do not have a separate possessive form.

ni	I	ner	my
gar	you	gar	yours
k[x	hi, she	k[x	his, her
mi	we	k}n	ours
g'an	you (pl.)	g'an	yours (pl.)
val	they	val	their

The word bik is sometimes translated as "it".

The nouns in Mando’a have no gender. It if is necessary the gender can be determined by context.
In very rare cases, when it is nevertheless necessary to specify the gender, adjectives jag&x (male) and dal&x (female) may be used.

The plural is formed by adding the endings -q (after a consonant) or -sq (after a vowel).

The formation of the possessive case in Mando'a depends mainly on the context. The easiest way is to use the preposition be or the possessive prefix be'.
The difference between the two is the same as between the phrases "Saber of Boba" and "Boba's saber," i.e., none.

Sometimes possessive nouns are attached to the object.

A rare and archaic way is to use possessive words as suffixes 'be or 'b.

The negative forms can be used with any parts of speech. The negation can also refer to the whole phrase.
The most common is formation from the dictionary forms of a word by adding special prefixes to it.
But there can be some cases in which the negative particle is merged with the base of the word and is already used independently in this form.
It is especially illustrative of archaic forms.

The negative form is formed by using the prefixes nq' or n]' (before consonants) and n' (before vowels).
The prefixes are equivalent in use, but the variant nq' is a little more common.

The negative particle n\' is used to indicate the opposite action.
This verb prefix has the same meaning of "undo", like prefixes "un-" or "dis-"
(example: gotal']r - create, make; n\'gotal']r - unmake, dismantle) in English.
The particle n\' is commonly applied to verbs, but other parts of speech can also be formed from verbs.

Words with prefixes of opposite meaning can serve as synonyms for words formed in a different way.

In Mando’a the verbs have following endings:
- if an underlying word ends with a vowel, the verb formed from the word ends with -r;
- if an underlying word ends with a consonant, a vowel and -r is added to the end of the verb.
The most common is the ending -&r
If a radical base ends in rune -i, then in a verb ending it is transformed into rune -&

All verbs are stressed only on their verb endings.
Even if in other parts of speech formed from the same base the stress is placed differently,
the verbs will still be stressed on their verb endings.
For example: bqten [BEY-tehn]] (noun) and bqtenor [bey-tehn-OHR] (verb)

In Mando’a the moods are divided into two types:
The infinitive, which can be correlated with the indicative mood. It is represented by the dictionary form of the word.
And the command mood, by which an order or a command are formed. The imperative mood itself.

The command form of a verb is formed by putting it in the second person
and adding to it the prefix ke'before a consonant and k' before a vowel.

The verb has only two forms of conjugation in Mando'a.
The indefinite form is expressed by the infinitive and corresponds to the dictionary form of the word.
The finite form is formed by shortening the -r sound in the verb ending.
It also does not change in tenses, persons, genders, or numbers.
The exception is a small group of archaic verbs.

After the reform of the language by Or'ka Rusk ( or'ka rask), a taung who lived at the time of Mandalor the Ultimate,
there were virtually no exceptions to the verb conjugation in Mando'a.
When other races began to join the Mandalorians and Mando'a began to be spoken not only by the taungs,
it was too difficult for many of new members to master all the subtleties of the ancient language.
A new reform was required, and a number of simplifications and unifications were adopted in the new Mando'a.
But some exceptions proved to be too resilient, and they could not be replaced by reform.
The most important exception remained the verb k;&r, to be.

The present tense of a verb is the most common, the most universal, and the most dominant tense in the language.
If the time of the event can be specified in other words of the sentence or understood from the context,
then the present tense will be used as a description of an action.
The present tense is expressed by the finite verb form and has no additional prefixes.

The past tense is formed by adding to the finite verb form the prefix r]' for bases beginning with a consonant,
and the prefix r' for bases beginning with a vowel.

The future tense is formed by adding the prefix ven' to the finite verb form.

It is important to know that there is no Continuous tense, Perfect tense, Future in the past tenses etc. in Mando’a.
There are only three tense forms – present, past, future which can be understood as Continuous, Perfect or Future-in-the-Past tenses etc. with the help of context.

Mando'a is an active language. A mandalorian is more likely to construct a sentence using direct word order, from subject to object.
But there are cases when you can't avoid the passive voice. Such phrases are used much less frequently. They can be used only when it is necessary to emphasize the passive nature of the action in a special way or if the subject is clear from the context, and is omitted in the sentence.

The passive voice is formed from the object to the subject and the subject is preceded by the particle de.
In modern Mando'a the particle de is a preposition, but in archaic texts this particle acts as a prefix and is included as part of the word.

The impact on the object itself can be expressed in two equivalent and equally usable ways.

Method 1.
The verb suffix 'bar is added to a significant verb in the finite form.
To form the finite form of a verb in the passive voice, -r is discarded from the verb suffix.
This method of forming the passive voice can only be applied to verbs.

Method 2.
The prefix k;'
or the auxiliary verb k;&r (to be), which is put in the same person and number as the object are used to form the passive voice.

Example

active voice: subject => action => object		passive voice: object <= action <= subject
ax'adq r]'tAp't[l& or&'mq'sen	Someone took over the cruiser	or&'mq'sen r]'tAp't[l&ba (d'ax'adq)	The cruiser was took over (by someone) Method 1
k[x r]'s]s]l] ni	He heard me	ni k; r]'s]s]l]r de k[x	I was heard by him Method 2, 1st person
or&ya heT&	The city burns	or&ya k;& heT&r (d'ax'adq)	The city is being burned (by someone) Method 2, 3rd person

The use of modal carries a certain ritualistic and archaic connotation in modern Mando'a.
Modal prefix verbs emphasize the special importance of the phrase in which they are present.

Stylistically, modal prefix verbs are most commonly used in formal speech, but sometimes they can be heard in everyday language as well.
However, in everyday language the same thoughts are often expressed in words with less pathos, in simpler words.

In the basic version, when the modal verb is joined to the notional one, the modal verb acts as a prefix.
But if the modal verb is in the negative or interrogative form, and the appropriate prefixes are attached to, it becomes an independent word and is used separately from the notional verb, being placed immediately before it.

basic form		translation	negative form	translation	interroga- tive form	translation
before vowel	before consonant
ent'	ente'	must / have to	n'ente	musn’t/don’t have to	t&on'ente	whether I should, must
veg&x'	veg&xe'	need to do something in the future (will have to)	nq'veg&x	no need to do anything in the future (shouldn’t)	t&on'veg&x	whether something needs to be done in the future
ret'	retu'	an opportunity to do something in the past (could)	nq'ret	inability to do anything in the past (couldn’t)	t&on'ret	was it possible to do something in the past
g&x'	g&xe'	intend to do something in the future (shall)	nq'g&x	intention not to do something in the future (shouldn’t)	t&on'g&x	do you intend to do anything in the future
d}r'	d}'	expresses permission (may)	n]'d}r	expresses prohibition, not allowed	t&on'd}r	is there anything that allowed to do

Examples:

basic form	translation	negative form	translation	interrogative form	translation
gar ent'ara'novo k[x	You have to protect him	gar n'ente ara'novo k[x	You don't have to protect him	t&on'ente gar ara'novo k[x?	Do you have to protect him?
gar veg&x'ara'novo k[x	You will have to protect him	gar nq'veg&x ara'novo k[x	You won't need to protect him	t&on'veg&x gar ara'novo k[x?	Will you need to protect him?
gar ret'ara'novo k[x	You could have protected him	gar nq'ret ara'novo k[x	You couldn't protect him	t&on'ret gar ara'novo k[x?	Could you protect him?
gar g&x'ara'novo k[x	You shall protect him	gar nq'g&x ara'novo k[x	ТYou shall not protect him	t&on'g&x gar ara'novo k[x?	Shall you protect him?
gar d}r'ara'novo k[x	You may protect him	gar n]'d}r ara'novo k[x	You may not protect him	t&on'd}r gar ara'novo k[x?	May you protect him?

Adjectives have two common endings -la or -&x in Mando'a.

However, the majority of adjectives do not have any endings.
Morphologically, they do not differ from nouns,
and the fact that they are adjectives can only be understood from their role in a sentence.

The sign beyten ' is not usually placed before the ending -&x and before the ending -la in archaic words.

The comparative form of an adjective is formed by adding the ending -x&a to the full adjective form.

If an adjective has -la or -&x endings and it is separated from the base by beyten ',
then in writing the beyten is shifted to separate the second ending -x&a from the full adjective form.

There are quite a few exceptions remaining in this way of transforming adjectives.
For example, in the words or&'x&a or d]x&x&a we can see that the archaic ways of forming the comparative form were more various.

The superlative form of an adjective is formed by the same principle as the comparative form.
The ending -nq is added to the full adjective form.

If an adjective has -la or -&x endings and it is separated from the base by beyten ',
then in writing the bateen is shifted to separate the second ending -nq from the full adjective form.

There are also archaic exceptions in the way superlative adjectives are constructed.

conjunction	translation	example	translation
ad]	who	ni kar'm& b]rx'a ad] ven'gA't[l& gar	I know a guy who can help you
mqg, mqgin	which, what, that, who	ni kar't[l& mqg gar kopAn& nar&r ti k[x	I know what he wants to do with them
bor]	how	k[x nq's]var& bor] val r]'\ax&	He didn't understand how they had survived
jor	because	k[x n]ho jork] k[st har&x	He sleeps because he's tired
mq	if	ni g&xe'k&r'am] mq gar ve'nar& bik	I'll kill you if you do this
t}	when	ke'trax&'a t} ni na]m%t&!	Shoot when I give the signal!
v[	where	k[x y[mpa ogir v[ br%kar& mq'sen	He went back to where he had hidden his spaceship
par	for	k[x ba'slana par tqgAnal& vodq	He retreated for the rescue of his brothers

The word order is direct and fixed in the basic sentence form:
subject => predicate => amplification => adverbial

The complete sentences are almost always used in Mando’a.
In rare exceptions the subject may be omitted, when the acting subject is unknown.

The subject or object is the main part of the sentence.
Most frequently, the subject in Mando'a is a noun, a pronoun, or a numeral.
In rare cases, the subject may be expressed by a word combination or even by an infinitive of a verb.

ПThe simple predicate is expressed by a verb and describes the action that the subject performs on the object.

The negation is placed directly to the verb.

A compound predicate consists of two verbs:
The main verb, which is in the finite form, and the qualifying verb, which is in the infinitive.

The negation can be put either to the main verb or to the qualifying verb.

Between the main verb and the qualifying verb there may be an adjective in comparative form,
indicating a special characteristic of the qualifying verb.

A statement can be turned into a question with the help of the question prefix t&on'.

In this case the word to which the question refers, together with the prefix t&on', is moved to the beginning of the sentence.

The underlined words will be in the first place in Mando’a. And they will have a logical emphasis.

In addition to the universal interrogative prefix t&on' there is a number of interrogative words that specify the question in Mando’a.